Funding and Ownership concepts

Ownership concepts

· Public service broadcasting

These are TV programmes that are broadcasted for the public benefit rather than for purely commercial purpose. Examples of this would be local news coverage, art programmes and religious broadcasts

· Commercial broadcasting

This is the broadcasting of television and radio programs by the privately owned corporate media. The first channel of this kind in the UK was ITV, popularly referred to as channel 3 as this was its first station. ITV was started in 1955 under their longer name, "Independent Television" Which was then turned into the now well known name of ITV.

· Corporate and private ownership

This is to be able to provide communications as a public service and addressing the audience as the citizens that they are rather than consumers to the products. This service is usually not owned by the government but has been privately own, an example of this would be a television broadcasting company, Sky who are also a global company and are used in many different location.

· Global companies

Global companies are companies that operates in at least more than one country at a time, making trade all around the world. the benefit for companies choosing to do this is that it is able to stimulate growth and help to stabilise the market fluctuation. An example of this would be the television channel Disney, they started off as movie entertainment in 1981, the US television in 1983, then in 1995 it then started to air in Taiwan, and then later on that year for it to start air within the UK.

· Vertical integration

The vertical integration is when companies shares or owns each part of the production and the distribution process. An example here could be the Warner Bros Entertainment, this is be because they are a fully integrated and broad based entertainment company that owns many film studios and the means to distribute the films as well as some of the cinemas that they are shown within.

· Horizontal integration

A horizontal integration is when an organisation develops by buying up competitors in the same market section. An example here would be the BBC television programme called Dragons Den. This programme is abouts when different firms that are within the same industry, who are all at the same stage of the production cycle, who then come together by merging.

Funding types

· The licence fee

The licence fee is one way of being able to fund television companies, and is now widely used through Europe. All members of the UK who own a television must then pay towards the licence fee in order to watch the television, but does not actually include BBC CatchUp service. Even if they are not planning to watch any BBC channels they will still have to pay for the licence. Within the UK it is only the BBC that get the money from this licence fee, but this is to enable that the public gets good television.

· Subscription

Subscription for the television is a pay TV that broadcasts programs directly over the air to the customer provided with the special receiver. At the moment this is some really hot competition for companies. An example of this would be Virgin media with their big easy bundle that includes ...

· One-off payment to own product

This is just the same as when you would buy any other type of item, you pay for it there and then and then the item is all yours. An example of relating this to media would be the UK's Freeview box. This is able of allow the user to watch many different channels, kept up to date with most digital television all just from the one off payment. With this there is never any fees that need to be kept up with payments or ongoing subscriptions, but the television licence still needs to be paid.

· Sponsorship

A sponsorship is usually something that is there to support an event, or organisation or company financially through products or/and services. On the television they are normally marked as adverts but as shown on for specific programmes, they are shown before and after each interval of this specific programme. An example here could be Britain's got talent who are sponsored by Morrison. This will benefit both as the company can gain advertisements of their product creating a bigger brand image and name, and the channel will then gain funds from the sponsor.

· Advertising

Advertising is mainly used on radio and television, but can be a few others. These are in place to sort of sponsor in the way that the advert is able to promote brand awareness in order to gain and increase with new customers. An example of this would be the confused.com advert that plays in-between different television shows on a variety of channels. The advantage of this advert in particular is that it is almost everywhere, however it can become annoying for the audience if it isn't conveyed in the correct way.

· Product placement

Product placement within television and movies are able to show the audience the products that have been places conspicuously within each scene. This is when a company pays the studio company to place certain products in movies or shows, in order to promote awareness of the item. An example of this would be in the 007 James Bond movie Skyfall, with all of the different placements that the coca cola drink had been placed.

· Private capital

The private capital is when the a much large company provides the funding to the smaller and other new starting up companies in order to help them grow. The money would be exchanged via business to business, and not taken from a loan from any banks or the government.

· Crowdfunding 
Crowdfunding is as it sounds, from the public. This has now started to become the most popular way of gaining money from a production when loans aren't able to be grabbed. With this you are able to gain vast amounts of money from many people you will maybe never have met before. An example here would be the online Crowdcube platform, this is where smaller companies will come to pitch their ideas over the webs to try and gain people's attention to help them raise money.

· Development funds

Development funds are manufacturer or brand provider funds that advertise, distribute or even re-sell in order to be able to generate awareness of a certain brand or product. An example here could be the company called Wellcome, who specialise in the support and development of TV, Radio, Games or Film projects that engage biomedical science. They are a non-profit company and investment fund that provides a low-cost way of financing that help get things going.

Bibliography

1. http://media.edusites.co.uk/article/vertical-horizontal-integration/
2. www.google.com
3. www.wiki.com
4. http://www.uswitch.com/tv/packages/?gclid=COv4lr6ZmsYCFa3MtAodgGoANQ
5. https://www.crowdcube.com/
6. https://www.ehow.com/
7. http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/funding/public-engagement/funding-schemes/broadcast-games-and-film-awards/development-awards/index.htm

8. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02846/tv_2846315b.jpg

9. google inages